Real Property Taxes in Europe, 2026

Ideally, property taxes can give local governments a valuable fiscal incentive to permit new development and offer a way to fund local public services whose value is capitalized into property prices. However, high property taxes levied not only on land but also on buildings and structures can also discourage investment in those assets, which businesses would have to pay additional taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. on. For this reason, businesses may choose to locate away from places with high property taxes.

Two of the 34 European countries covered here, Liechtenstein and Malta, do not levy any recurrent taxes on property at all. Estonia is the sole country on this map to tax only land, meaning that its real property taxA property tax is primarily levied on immovable property like land and buildings, as well as on tangible personal property that is movable, like vehicles and equipment. Property taxes are the single largest source of state and local revenue in the U.S. and help fund schools, roads, police, and other services. is the most efficient.

Of the 32 countries that levy property taxes, 28 allow businesses to deduct property or land taxes from corporate income, which mitigates the tax burden and encourages businesses to invest. Four countries—Austria, Iceland, Italy, and Slovenia—prohibit the deduction of property taxes from business income, leading to double taxationDouble taxation is when taxes are paid twice on the same dollar of income, regardless of whether that’s corporate or individual income. of business properties.

Luxembourg and Moldova raise the lowest property tax revenues as a share of their private capital stock, at around 0.05 percent. Switzerland and Estonia follow at 0.08 and 0.09 percent, respectively. The highest property taxes as a share of the private capital stock occur in the United Kingdom (2.04 percent), Iceland (1.43 percent), and France (1.08 percent).

On average, the revenue raised from recurrent property taxes in the 32 European countries covered that have a property tax lies at 0.45 percent of their private capital stocks. In contrast, the United States raises as much as 1.88 percent of its private capital stock in property taxes.

For the 16 European countries that record how property tax revenues are split between businesses and households, households remit around 60 percent of total property tax revenue, ranging from only 7.4 percent of receipts in the Slovak Republic to 71.4 percent in France.

Recent Changes

Starting from 2025, Germany is devolving its property tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. to the state level. The state of Baden-Württemberg used this opportunity to apply property taxes only to the value of land. Croatia introduced a recurrent property tax in 2025, levied on the square metres of land and floor area.