The debt struggles of Evergrande and industry peers including Country Garden, Vanke and Kaisa have had a severe impact on consumer confidence, dissuading many would-be homebuyers from making purchases.
For property giant Evergrande, the face of China’s real estate woes, an excruciating saga that has dragged on for years culminated on Thursday with court rulings ordering fines and jail terms.
The court in Shenzhen city said it sentenced founder Xu Jiayin to life in prison and fined Evergrande Group and an affiliate more than $2bn for fraud and other offences.
While the verdict caps the fallout from Evergrande’s collapse, challenges posed by a stubborn slump in the once-booming property sector still loom large for China and its leaders.
AFP breaks down Evergrande’s fall and what it means for the world’s number-two economy.
Why did Evergrande collapse?
Evergrande was once China’s leading property developer, propelled by decades of rapid urbanisation and rising living standards across the country.Listed in Hong Kong in 2009, the firm surged to a peak market value of more than $50bn under the stewardship of Xu, also known as Hui Ka Yan.
But fortunes reversed in 2020, when new regulations from Beijing seeking to limit excessive borrowing in the real estate sector complicated Evergrande’s ability to make payments.
Subsequent years saw a drawn-out struggle across the industry to complete construction projects as shares plunged and cash flows dried up.
Evergrande’s 2021 default and the 2024 liquidation order by a Hong Kong court have become emblematic of the broader downturn in China’s once-mighty property sector.
In August last year, Evergrande shares were delisted from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
Xu pleaded guilty to charges of fraud and bribery in April during a public hearing at which he stood accused of “illegally absorbing public deposits, fundraising fraud, illegally issuing loans (and) illegally using funds”, among other crimes, a court statement said at the time.
What is the impact on China’s economy?
The protracted crisis in China’s real estate market — long a key driver of national growth — has heavily impacted the country’s economy.
“Evergrande helped make the problem more structural… and it showed the weakness of the system,” Alicia Garcia-Herrero, Asia-Pacific chief economist at Natixis, told AFP.
The debt struggles of Evergrande and industry peers including Country Garden, Vanke and Kaisa have had a severe impact on consumer confidence, dissuading many would-be homebuyers from making purchases.
Complicating matters further, the slump in sentiment comes just as many economists argue that China must shift towards a growth model powered more by domestic consumption than investment in real estate and infrastructure.
Garcia-Herrero said there are “so many reasons” for a lack of demand in the housing sector, including stagnant disposable income for households and a shrinking population.
In the latest sign of pressures, new-home prices dropped at a faster pace in July than the previous month, official data released this week showed.
How are leaders responding?
Beijing is attempting to simultaneously manage deep-set issues in the property sector while minimising turbulence for the domestic economy.
Thursday’s court rulings are a “decisive signal that the central government hasn’t changed policy course (and) it won’t bail out the property sector”, Dan Wang, a director on Eurasia Group’s China team, told AFP.
They are a signal to companies that they must “be debt-conscious”, she added.
China’s leaders are seeking to spark new life into an economy that has faced slowing growth for years.
Beijing is targeting GDP expansion this year of between 4.5% and 5.0%, its lowest official goal in decades.
After government data showed growth slipping below that range in the second quarter, the data for July showed retail sales declining compared to last year.The data also showed a pronounced decline in the property sector, with investment in real estate development down by nearly one fifth year-on-year through the end of July.